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Dilemas sociais

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Diamantino Lourenço Rodrigues de Bártolo

‘São diversos, graves e difíceis os dilemas sociais’

Diamantino Bártolo
Diamantino Bártolo
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Acresce, a todo o desenvolvimento, que no âmbito do reconhecimento do direito à diferença cultural, existem vários instrumentos legais internacionais, nos quais Portugal é parte contratante, destacando-se, na circunstância, o “Convénio Internacional relativo aos Direitos Económicos, Sociais e Culturais”, e que agora abordamos alguns artigos mais específicos desta temática. É assim que, logo no primeiro artigo se declara: «1. Todos os povos têm direito de dispor de si mesmos. Em virtude desse direito, eles determinam livremente o seu desenvolvimento económico, social e cultural. 2. Para atingirem os seus fins todos os povos podem dispor livremente das suas riquezas e dos seus recursos naturais…» e, no seu artigo segundo: «2. Os Estados partes do presente Convénio comprometem-se a garantir que os direitos aqui enunciados serão exercidos sem nenhuma discriminação fundamentada na raça, cor, sexo, língua, religião, opinião política ou qualquer outra opinião, origem nacional ou social, fortuna, nascimento ou qualquer outra situação

Avançando na análise deste importante documento, encontraremos, concreta e especificamente, normas que reconhecem, de forma inequívoca, o direito à cultura, aliás o artigo quinze é claríssimo: «1. Os Estados partes do presente Convénio reconhecem a todo o indivíduo o direito: a) De participar na vida cultural; b) De beneficiar do progresso científico e das suas aplicações; c) De beneficiar da protecção dos direitos morais e materiais resultantes de toda a produção científica, literária ou artística de que for autor. (…) 4. Os Estados partes do presente Convénio reconhecem os benefícios que devem resultar do encorajamento e desenvolvimento da cooperação e dos contactos internacionais no domínio da ciência e da cultura.» (HAARSCHER, 1993: 183-4).

Para melhor se complementar a importância da cultura e em jeito de reforço da presente reflexão, também se poderia abordar a Ética, como projeto mundial, analisada na perspetiva da influência que a Religião tem, de resto, parte-se da premissa da importância vital que a (s) religião (ões) desempenha (m) no mundo da pós-modernidade, pensando-se que em todas as culturas, a dimensão religiosa está presente, e que os seus defensores intervêm no processo das relações humanas, desejavelmente para o bem.

É possível fundamentar os valores humanos a partir de uma argumentação religiosa: «A sociedade secular também tem interesse em que os valores humanos, o humanum, preservem o seu direito de cidadania, no âmbito de uma religião e, neste caso, da religião católica (…) justamente numa época de desorientação e da dissolução dos laços sociais, numa época de permissividade largamente disseminada e cinismo descarado, o cristianismo e de facto todas as religiões – mais do que a pedagogia, psicologia, jurisprudência e actividade política -, desempenham de novo um papel determinante em termos de consciência individual, no sentido de proporcionarem segurança, apoio emocional, protecção, tranquilidade, consolo e coragem para protestar (…), a religião pode fundamentar de modo inequívoco por que razão a moral, valores e normas éticas devem ser absoluta (e não apenas quando nos convém) e universalmente (para todas as castas, classes ou raças) vinculativas. O humanum só poder ser salvo na medida em que a sua justificação for encarada em termos de divinum.» (KUNG, 1990:156-7).

“Deparamo-nos, contemporaneamente, com diversos, graves e complexos problemas sociais, originados em diferentes comunidades, em contextos naturais ou artificiais, com objetivos explícitos ou intencionalidades inconfessáveis e, quaisquer que sejam as áreas de intervenção: política, religiosa, ecológica, económica, financeira, a dimensão cultural está, intrinsecamente, mais ou menos envolvida, por isso não se deve estranhar este permanente confronto de culturas, tanto mais acentuado quanto mais o fator étnico-rácico se revela e interfere. 

Na verdade, nunca como hoje se fala tanto em culturas, multiculturas, interculturas, de tal forma que se coloca, cada vez com mais pertinência, se não estaremos a caminhar para uma hibridação cultural ou uma cultura transgénica, como quaisquer outros produtos do campo alimentar e biológico? 

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CARNEIRO, Roberto, (1999). “Choque de Culturas ou Hibridação Cultural”, in: Nova Cidadania, S. João do Estoril/Lisboa: Principia, Publicações Universitárias e Científicas, (2), pp. 43-52.

GALTUNG, Johan, (1994). Direitos Humanos – Uma Nova Perspectiva. Tradução, Margarida Fernandes. Lisboa: Instituto Piaget.

HAARSCHER, Guy, (1993). A Filosofia dos Direitos do Homem. Tradução, Armando F. Silva. Lisboa: Instituto Piaget.

KUNG, Hans, (1990). Projecto para uma Ética Mundial, Tradução, Maria Luísa Cabaços Meliço, Lisboa: Instituto Piaget.

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