Diamantino Lourenço Rodrigues de Bártolo
‘O passado não é um amontoado de fatos’
Como se sabe, a compreensão envolve, permanentemente, a linguagem, a confrontação com um outro horizonte humano, um ato de penetração histórica, por isso, a Hermenêutica abarca uma teoria texto.
Compreender é uma operação essencialmente referencial; compreende-se algo, quando se compara com algo, que já se conhece. O homem não realiza o seu conhecimento a partir do nada, mas por meio de uma reestruturação, correção e integração dos seus próprios ‘a prioris’ e ‘a posterioris’, por isso, a interpretação é um conhecimento simultaneamente: reconstrutivo e integrativo. (cf. ORTIZ-OSÉS, op. cit.)
Do que foi escrito, facilmente se dá conta que a compreensão possui uma estrutura intrinsecamente histórica portanto: «Não precisamos cair numa atitude psicologizante para defender que a compreensão não pode ser concebida independentemente das relações significativas que tem com a nossa experiência anterior.» (PALMER, 1969:102), pois esta, como ato histórico, está sempre relacionada com o presente. Seria ingénuo falar-se de interpretações objetivamente válidas, porque isto implicaria ser possível uma compreensão que partisse de um ponto de vista exterior à história.
Na realidade, no seu situar-se mundano (responsável pelo mundo), o homem responde desde o seu posicionamento atual: quer a um passado a interrogar e a integrar; quer a um futuro a predizer (possibilidade), isto é, antes de tomar uma decisão fundamental, emprega a sua experiência, interpreta e está interpretado na sua própria circunstância: «A sua atitude fundamental não aparece nem como progressiva nem como regressiva, mas como ingressiva, integradora.» (ORTIZ-OSÉS, 1983:48).
Compreendemos um texto, não com a consciência vazia, mas porque mantemos um modo de ver já estabelecido, e algumas conceções prévias ideacionais, (pré-estrutura da compreensão): «O passado não se nos pode opor como objecto de interesse arqueológico. A autointerpretação do indivíduo é apenas uma luz trémula na corrente fechada da vida histórica. Por essa razão, os juízos prévios do indivíduo são mais que meros juízos; são a realidade histórica do ser.» (PALMER, 1969:185).
Os juízos prévios traduzem a capacidade que toda a pessoa tem para compreender a história: dentro ou fora das ciências, não pode haver compreensão sem pressupostos, resultantes da tradição em que cada indivíduo se insere (horizonte no interior do qual pensamos).
Uma dupla operacionalidade se apresenta: uma operacionalidade do presente no passado – não há uma visão pura da história, sem referência ao presente; e uma operacionalidade do passado no presente (consciência historicamente operativa) – o presente só é visto e compreendido através das intenções, modos de ver e pré-conceitos que o passado transmite: «Não podemos inventar nem recusar o horizonte que faz alteridade à nossa consciência.» (ORTIZ-OSÉS, 1983:12).
O passado não é um amontoado de factos, é antes um fluxo, em que nos movemos e participamos: «A tradição não se coloca, pois, contra nós, ela é algo em que nos situamos e pela qual existimos.» (PALMER, 1969:180). Dá-se no ato de compreensão uma simbiose do estranho e do familiar (simultaneidade).
A tensão, presente-passado, é, em si mesma, essencial e frutífera em Hermenêutica; a distância temporal tem, simultaneamente, uma função negativa e positiva, tanto faz com que se eliminem certos juízos prévios, como provoca o aparecimento daqueles que nos levam a uma compreensão verdadeira.
Os nossos pressupostos não podem ser tomados como absolutos, mas sim como algo sujeito a mudança. São positivos: quando conduzem à compreensão; e negativos, quando conduzem ao mal entendimento. Esta distinção faz-se no interior da própria experiência hermenêutica.
BIBLIOGRAFIA
ORTIZ-OSÉS, Andrés, (1983). Antropologia Hermenêutica. Tradução, L. Ferreira dos Santos. Braga: Eros.
PALMER, Richard E., (1969). Hermenêutica. Tradução, Maria Luísa Ribeiro Ferreira. Lisboa: Edições 70
Venade/Caminha – Portugal, 2026
Diamantino Lourenço Rodrigues de Bártolo
Presidente HONORÁRIO do Núcleo Académico de Letras e Artes de Portugal
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Natural de Venade, freguesia portuguesa do concelho de Caminha, é Licenciado em Filosofia – Universidade Católica Portuguesa; Mestre em Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea – Universidade do Minho – Portugal e pela UNICAMP – Brasil; Doutorado em Filosofia Social e Política pela FATECBA; autor de 14 Antologias próprias: 66 Antologias em coedição em Portugal e no Brasil; vencedor do III Concurso Internacional de Prosa – Prémio ‘Machado de Assis 2015’, Confraria Cultural Brasil – Portugal – Brasil; Prêmio Fernando Pessoa de Honra e Mérito – Literarte – Associação Internacional de Escritores e Artistas do Brasil’ 2016; Vencedor do “PRÊMIO BURITI 2016”; Vencedor do Troféu Literatura – 2017; Cargos: Presidente do NALAP – Núcleo Acadêmico de Letras e Artes de Lisboa;; Condecorações: Agraciado com a ‘Comenda das Ciências da Educação, Letras, Cultura e Meio Ambiente Newsmaker, Brasil’ (2017); Título Honorífico de Embaixador da Paz; Título Nobiliárquico de Comendador, condecorado com a ‘Grande Cruz da Ordem Internacional do Mérito do Descobridor do Brasil, Pedro Álvares Cabral’ pela Sociedade Brasileira de Heráldica e Humanística; Doctor Honoris Causa en Literatura” pela Academia Latinoamericana de Literatura Moderna y la Sociedad Académica de Historiadores Latinoamericanos. Título de Lorde – Mérito Cultural, outorgado pela Casa Real de Borgonha – Afonsina.
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